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Copyright @ : - Dr.Subhash Waghe Inter. J.Digno. and Research IJDRMSID00040 |ISSN :2584-2757
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Abstract
During the past three decades the number of deaths due to CVDs has increased from 15.2% to 28.1% in
India. There are many dietary and lifestyle factors are responsible for this rise. In the common aetiology
of heart diseases stated by Acharya Charaka, along with other causes, psychological causes like Chinta
(worry), Bhaya (Fear/Anxiety), Manasik Trass (mental tension) are mentioned as factors responsible for
heart disease. There is sharp increase in cases of anxiety and depression due to change lifestyle in
present era. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the role of Ayurvedokta psychological factor such as Bhaya
(Anxiety) in the development of heart disease. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is the most
elegant model for evaluation of anxiety in the rats as this model possesses construct, predictive and face
validity in rats. Hence, this model is used in the present study. In CUMS process, animals will be
subjected chronically and unpredictably to a variety of low-grade stressors which resembles to those
associated with anxiety like symptoms in humans and also cause cognition impairment. It is observed
that CUMS had generated the anxiety in rats leading to alteration in normal cardiac physiology.
Keywords : Bhaya ,Fear, Anxiety , Cardiac Parameters
Corresponding author: Dr. Subhash Waghe
Article Info: Published on : 15/04/2025
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In Vivo Evaluation of Ayurvedokta Bhaya (fear) As Aetiological factor for
Development of Heart Disease In Albino Rats WSR To Physiological Cardiac
Parameters Like Heart Rate And Blood Pressure
Dr. Subhash Waghe
1
1
Professor & HOD – Dept. of Rognidana & Vikrutivigyna, Sardar Patel Ayurvedic Medical College &
Hospital, Dongariya, Balaghat – 44 3318 (M.P.)
Cite this article as: - Dr. Subhash Waghe (2025) ; In Vivo Evaluation of Ayurvedokta Bhaya (fear) As Aetiological factor for
Development of Heart Disease In Albino Rats WSR To Physiological Cardiac Parameters Like Heart Rate And Blood Pressure;
Inter.J.Dignostics and Research 2 (3) 1-7, DOI: 1 0 . 5 2 8 1 / z e n o d o . 1 5 2 04038
G
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Copyright @ : - Dr.Subhash Waghe Inter. J.Digno. and Research IJDRMSID00040 |ISSN :2584-2757
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Introduction:
Nearly there are 3 million (30 lac) cases of Myocardial
Infarction occurs every year (API Study) in India and
15 million (1.5 Cr.) cases across the globe every year.
Out of this, 25% are under 40 age, 50% are under 50
age, 25% > 50 years of age. The death due to
myocardial infarction is increasing in Indian
population at an alarming rate and accounts for around
15-20% of all deaths. During the past three decades
the number of deaths due to CVDs has increased from
15.2% to 28.1% in India.
[1]
The number of factors
play role in the development of ischemic heart
diseases but over consumption of oily fatty food and
unhealthy lifestyle (mithya ahar vihar) with mental
stress are the important basic factors enumerated by
both the science.In Ayurveda it can be called as ‘Hrit
Aposhanaj Hrit Roga’ and the pathophysiology of MI
is mentioned by Sushruta in Sutrasthana 15/32 and
Syndrome of MI is mentioned by Sushrut Uttartantra
43/131-132 in the form of ‘Hrit Shoola’. In the
common aetiology of heart diseases stated by acharya
Charaka, along with other causes, psychological
causes like Chinta (worry), Bhaya (Fear/Anxiety),
manasik trass (mental tension) are mentioned as
factors responsible for heart disease. There is sharp
increase in cases of anxiety and depression due to
change lifestyle in present era. Hence, it is essential to
evaluate the role of Ayurvedokta psychological factor
such as Bhaya (Anxiety) in the development of heart
disease.
Stress is an important factor having high impact on the
psychological development which alters emotion,
cognition and related behavioral outputs. Chronic
unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is the most elegant
model for evaluation of anxiety as this
model possesses construct, predictive and face validity
in rats. In CUMS process, animals will be subjected
chronically and unpredictably to a variety of low-
grade stressors which resembles to those associated
with anxiety like symptoms in humans and also cause
cognition impairment. CUMS protocol will be
performed in separate room but the normal animal left
unchallenged. During the 7 weeks, animals were
submitted to 6 different stressors: tilted cage (45°),
food and water deprivation, restricted access to food,
exposure to empty bottle, 24 h wet cage (200ml of
water in 100g of sawdust bedding), continuous
illumination. These stressors will be randomly
scheduled over a week period and will be repeated to
maintain the aspect of unpredictability. At the end of
every week sucrose consumption test and body weight
of all animal will be measured to confirm the
induction of stress in animals. After confirmation of
stress in animals, cardiovascular parameters like
Blood Pressure, Heart Rate etc. are checked using
Data Acquisition System, Powerlab.
Review Of Literature :
Circulatory System As Per Ayurveda :
As per Ayurveda the root of Rasavaha strotas
(circulatory system) is mentioned as Heart and blood
vessels.
[2, 3]
As per acharya Charaka, Vyan vayu
circulates the blood in the entire body and it gets
aggravated whenever there is obstruction to the flow
of the blood in the circulation.
[4]
Aetiology of Ischemic Heart Diseases As Per
Ayurveda :
As per acharya Charaka, psychological factors like
excessive worry along with hyperlipidemic diet leads
to the vitiation of circulatory system
[5]
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As per acharya Charaka, excessive worries, fear,
mental stress, chronic disease leads and trauma leads
to heart diseases.
[6]
As per acharya Sushruta,
excessive consumption of incompatible diet, excessive
diet, antagonistic diet leads to heart diseases.
[7]
As per
the book Yogaratnakar, the smoking of tobacco leads
to heart diseases.
[8]
Atherosclerosis In Arteries As Per Ayurveda :
In Ayurveda, Dhamani-pratichaya (Atherosclerosis) is
defined as the excessive deposition of layer of fatty
sticky unctuous material inside the lumen of arteries
and it is the disease of Kapha origin. As per
Ayurveda, Dhamni Pratichay is one of the diseases,
caused exclusively by the vitiation of Kapha (Kaphaj
Nanatamaj Vyadhi)
[9, 10, 11]
Hence, the factors,
responsible for the vitiation of Kapha, also serves as
the aetiological factors for the atherosclerosis in
arteries (Dhamni Pratichaya). As per acharya
Charaka, it is Raspradoshaj Vikara and it is due over
nourishment.
[12, 13]
The function of pathologically
increased Kapha is to cause coating, obstruction and
hardness in the arterial lumen.
[14]
Aetiology of Ischemic Heart Diseases As Per
Ayurveda :
As per acharya Sushruta, due to consumption of high
fatty and carbohydrate diet and lack of exercise, the
arterial lumen gets obstructed with fat and area to be
supplied, remain under perfused.
[15]
As per acharya
Sushruta, the vitiated plasma gets obstructed due to
blockages in coronaries of the heart, and alters the
normal functioning of the heart and also gives rise to
Angina.
[16 & 17]
The angina if not treated soon, kills the
patient instantly.
[18]
Myocardial Infarction (MI) :
MI refers to the condition where there is imbalance
between the myocardial oxygen demand and its
supply due to the obstruction of blood supply in
coronary arteries.
[17] [18]
The commonest causes responsible for it are :
Atherosclerosis in coronary artery
Thrombosis
Investigations To Diagnose :
Lipid profile – It may show dislipidemia
(Increased LDL cholesterol and
Triglycerides)
Cardiac Markers - Serum Troponin and
CPK-MB elevated.
ECG - shows ST-T changes.
Coronary Angiography (CAG) - shows
coronary occlusions.
2-D Echocardiography- shows regional wall
motion abnormalities.
[19&20]
Research Question :
Whether Ayurvedokta Bhaya (fear) acts as a
aetiological factor for development of heart disease
Hypothesis :
Null Hypothesis (H1) :
Ayurvedokta Bhaya (fear) acts as a
aetiological factor for development of heart
disease
Alternate Hypothesis (H0) :
Ayurvedokta Bhaya (fear) does not acts as
an aetiological factor for development of
heart disease.
Aims & Objectives :
Primary Objectives :
The present study, aims to study the
aetiological factor Bhaya (Fear/Anxiety) as
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4
the cause for the development of heart
disease.
Other Objectives :
To study the aetiopathogenesis of
myocardial infarction from Ayurvedic point
of view.
Material & Methodology :
Study Design :
Center of Study – Dept of Roga Nidana &
Vikrutvigyana, Government Ayurvedic
College, Nanded And National Testing
Centre, Pune
Duration of Study – Total study 18 months
after approval of synopsis.
Study Population And Sampling :
Animal required for the Study :
Species/Common name - Albino Rat
Weight - 200-250 g
Gender – Male and Female
Number to be used - 12
Groups :
Animals will be divided into 2 groups.
Groups (n = 6)
Treatment
Normal Control
No treatment
Disease Control
Chronic unpredictable
mild stress induction
Data Collection & Instruments :
The animals will be subjected chronically and
unpredictably to a variety of low-grade stressors
which resembles to those associated with anxiety
like symptoms in humans and also cause cognition
impairment. CUMS protocol will be performed in
separate room. During the 7 weeks, animals will be
submitted to 6 different stressors:
1) Tilted Cage (45°),
2) Tail Clamping For 3 Minutes,
3) Cold Swimming For 5 Minutes At 4°C
4) Exposure To Empty Bottle,
5) 24 H Wet Cage,
6) Continuous Illumination.
These stressors will be randomly scheduled over a
one week period and will be repeated to maintain
the aspect of unpredictability. After confirmation of
stress in animals, cardiovascular parameters like
Blood Pressure, Heart Rate are checked using Data
Acquisition System, Powerlab. The heart rate will
be expressed as beats per minute (BPM) and the
blood pressure will be measured using non-
invasively.
Assessment Criteria :
1. Heart rate, BP, ECG will be monitored in 8
Channel power laboratory (Data Acquisition
system). Changes in Heart Rate, Blood pressure
above normal limit will be noted. [Normal heart
rate of rat is between 310 to 840 bpm, Average
Normal blood pressure in rats is 121/80 mmHg]
Observation & Result : Table No. 1 - Heat Rate(bpm)
Days
Day 0
Day 28
Day 49
Group
Ani.
No
HR
HR
HR
NC
1
274.8
264.1
315.6
2
204.3
200.6
160.1
3
206.7
177.5
251.3
4
231.3
269.4
211.7
5
179.2
182.8
290.9
6
205.5
215.9
235.2
Mean
216.967
218.383
244.133
SD
32.784
39.882
55.748
DC
7
228.7
212.3
210.7
8
210.5
222.950
230.9
9
210.1
238.25
275.5
10
182.2
233.6
192.8
11
238
246.7
259.8
12
225.3
229.8
228.9
Mean
215.800
230.600
233.100
SD
19.693
12.007
30.525
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Table No. 2 - Blood Pressure Analysis (mmHg)
Gr
Ani.
No
BP
Day 0
BP
Day 28
BP
Day 49
NC
1
101.5
124.0
112.8
2
104.5
108.5
106.5
3
108.0
99.5
103.8
4
120.0
159.5
136.8
5
114.0
1 63.0
165.8
6
109.5
78.5
127.5
Mean
109.58
122.17
125.50
SD
6.08
30.75
21.40
DC
7
103.8
214.3
215.7
8
112.3
212.7
217.3
9
113.0
213.0
215.6
10
102.7
211.7
213.7
11
113.0
211.7
213.8
12
115.3
212.7
215.1
Mean
110.03
212.67
215.19
SD
5.36
0.99
1.35
Graph No.1
Graph No.2
Discussion :
The mean heart rate (HR) observed in normal
control on day 0 is 216.967 whereas in Disease
control, it is 215.800. The mean HR observed in
normal control on day 14 is 218.383 whereas in
Disease control, it is 230.600. The mean HR
observed in normal control on day 49 is 244.133
whereas in Disease control, it is 233.100. As far as
heart rate is concerned only on day 14
th
increase in
heart rate was observed in disease control rats who
were subjected to stressors. The mean BP observed
in normal control on day 0 is 109.58 whereas in
Disease control, it is 110.03. The mean BP
observed in normal control on day 14 is 122.17
whereas in Disease control, it is 212.67. The mean
BP observed in normal control on day 49 is 125.50
whereas in Disease control, it is 215.19. On all the
three measurements there is rise in blood pressure
in disease control indicating that stress had
increased the blood pressure.
Summary & Conclusion :
There was a statistically significant increase in
the Heart rate (HR) on Day 28 & 49 in DC as
compared to NC showing the effect of
stressors in increase stress.
No increase in B.P of NC animals whereas
statistically significant difference observed
increase in B.P of DC animals on Day 28 &
40 as compared to normal control.
On the basis of the above results obtained, it is
can be concluded that Bhaya (fear) can acts as
an etiological factor for the development of
heart disease in rats.
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